During the period that sparked the cognitive sciences (cybernetics and at the same time), one can identify two different theoretical perspectives. The first was represented by
Von Neumann , and focused their interest on so-called systems heteronyms , that is determined from the outside, their characterization is obtained through relations of input and output, and they tend to create a representation of the environment. The second is represented by
Wiener, and his interest is directed to systems autonomous, that is determined from within, and these are characterized by organizational closure and the autocomportamenti , they also represent something existing in itself, but built, producing a world through a relationship with the environment.
What Varela points out, is that these two views are not in a logical opposition to each other, but rather are related according to a report of complementarity: we need both points of view for a complete knowledge of the system unit.
On this basis, Francisco Varela has tried to build a pluralist cognitive science, able to articulate the different perspectives available on the subject each other to investigate, also and primarily when these are based on theoretical frameworks irreducibly different. [...](1) M. Ceruti and L. Damiano, in M. Hood (ed.), Neurophenomenology , Bruno Mondadori, 2006, pp. 12-13.
And 'This is one of the most profound messages that Francisco Varela has bequeathed to specialists in cognitive science: to maintain and articulate a plurality of diverse theoretical perspectives, because each of them, while producing zones 'shadow, it can illuminate the shadows generated by the other (1).
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